Seven Barriers to The Ethical Governance of Artificial Intelligence in Defence
By Antonia-Felicia Toffert, Katharina Klotz, Huw Roberts, Cyril Birks, and Mariarosaria Taddeo
AI ethics in defence faces a gap between principles and practice. Reviewing 1,085 studies, this paper identifies seven interconnected barriers and proposes strategies to strengthen governance, build capacity, and embed ethics across the AI lifecycle.